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Italy (Listeni/ˈɪtəli/; Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica italiana),[7][8][9][10] is a unitary parliamentary republic Southern Europe. To the north, Italy borders France, Switzerland, Austria, and Slovenia, and is roughly delimited by the Alpine watershed, enclosing the Po Valley and the Venetian Plain. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula and the two Mediterranean islands of Sicily and Sardinia, addition to many smaller islands.

The sovereign states of San and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Esemplare d’Italia is an Italian exclave Switzerland. Italy covers an settore of 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and has a largely temperate climate. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the 5th most populous country Europe. Among the world’s most developed countries, Italy has the 4th-largest economy the European Union, 3rd the Eurozone and 8th the world by GDP (IMF, 2014).

After the development of the Etruscan and Magna Graecia cultures among others, Rome has for centuries been the leading political and religious centre of Western civilisation, serving as the capital of both the Roman Imbottire and Christianity. During the Dark Ages, Italy endured cultural and social decline the luce of repeated invasions by Germanic tribes, Byzantines, Muslims and Normans, with Ellenistico-Roman heritage being preserved largely by Christian monks. Beginning around the 11th century, various Italian cities, communes and maritime republics rose to great prosperity through shipping, commerce and banking (indeed, modern capitalism has its roots Medieval Italy);[11] concurrently, Italian culture flourished, especially during the Renaissance, which produced many notable scholars, artists, and polymaths such as Leonardo quanto a Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. Meanwhile, Italian explorers such as Modello, Columbus, Vespucci, and Verrazzano discovered new routes to the Far East and the New World, helping to usher the European Age of Discovery. Nevertheless, Italy would remain fragmented into many warring states for the rest of the Middle Ages, subsequently falling prey to larger European powers such as France, Spain, and later Austria. Italy would thus enter a long period of decline that lasted until the mid 19th century.

After various unsuccessful attempts, the second and the third wars of Italian Independence resulted the unification of most of present-day Italy between 1859 and 1866.[12] From the late 19th century to the early 20th century, the new Kingdom of Italy rapidly industrialised and acquired a colonial colmare becoming a Great Power.[13][14] However, Southern and rural Italy remained largely excluded from industrialisation, fuelling a large and influential diaspora. Despite victory World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil, which favoured the establishment of a Fascist dictatorship 1922. The subsequent participation World War II at the side the Axis ended military defeat, economic destruction and civil war. Quanto a the years that followed, Italy abolished the monarchy, reinstated democracy, and enjoyed a prolonged economic boom, thus becoming one of the most developed nations [5][15][16][17] and the fifth largest economy the world by 1990. [18]

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